Instinct Fabrication | 本色营造
Instinct Fabrication | 本色营造
The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In 1995, during Kasparov’s world title match with Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. In these tournament victories, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games, his only defeat coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov used this variation in the 12th and 16th games of the match with Karpov in 1985; in the second of these games, he scored a victory.
He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Yugoslavia, in 1982. As a teenager, Kasparov shared the USSR Chess Championship in 1981 with Lev Psakhis (12.5/17), although Psakhis won their game.
Kasparov successfully used this opening, which was considered outdated, in the 1990 match against Karpov and in matches with Short and Anand. Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in it. The rivalry between Kasparov and Karpov (often referred to as the “two Ks”) is one of the greatest in the history of chess.
With the exception of the PCA period and sharing first place with Kramnik in 1996, Kasparov led the rating list from 1985 to 2006 – a total of 255 months. In 1999, Kasparov reached an Elo rating of 2851, a record that stood for over thirteen years, until Carlsen achieved 2861 in January 2013. Between 1981 and 1991, he won caspero or tied for first place in every tournament he entered. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. He finished eighth in a strong field of ten, including Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand and the eventual winner, Levon Aronian. Kasparov participated in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August 2017, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, representing Croatia.
In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue’s recent games, in contrast to the computer’s team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov’s. The second was played in New York City in May 1997 and won by Deep Blue (3½–2½). By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. Another well-known case of winning an important game thanks to a novelty in the opening is Kasparov’s 10th game of the 1995 match against Anand.
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He tried to organise another world championship match under a different organisation, the World Chess Association (WCA), with Linares International Chess Tournament organiser Luis Rentero. Meanwhile, FIDE organised its world championship match between Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former world champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in September 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger both rejected FIDE’s bid for an August match in Manchester and decided to play outside FIDE’s jurisdiction. In November 1986, Kasparov had created the Grandmasters Association (GMA) to represent professional players and give them more say in FIDE’s activities.
In the late 1990s, Kasparov went on another long streak of ten consecutive super-tournament wins. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in fifteen individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. He held that record until Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Fischer’s old record of 2785.
The World Chess Championship 1984–1985 match between Kasparov and Karpov had many ups and downs and a controversial finish. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov’s first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).
His book series My Great Predecessors, first published in 2003, details the history and games of the world champion chess players who preceded him. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine’s moves, suggesting that during the second game chess players had intervened in contravention of the rules. In May 2010, Kasparov played and won 30 games simultaneously against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer’s play revealed during the course of the match. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow, played at a time control of twenty-five minutes per game. In December 1992, Kasparov played thirty-seven blitz games against Fritz 2 in Cologne, winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. Kasparov went nine years winning every super-tournament he played, in addition to contesting his series of five consecutive matches with Karpov.
Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov’s Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. Computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel consulted with Kasparov in 1985 on how a chess database program would be useful preparation for competition. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro, which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps one of the first Western-made microcomputers to reach the Soviet Union at that time. Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov’s Candidates semi-final match against Korchnoi in 1983.
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The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the score to 5–3 in Karpov’s favour. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32, earning his first-ever win against the world champion and bringing the score to 5–1.
Originally titled Child of Change, it was later published as Unlimited Challenge. In 1997, he was awarded the title of “honorary citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina” for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. Kasparov recalled that he was criticised by Armenians for not taking a strong stance when the Karabakh movement began in 1988, explaining that he was living in Baku with 200,000 other Armenians at the time and did not want to increase tensions. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.
In 2001, he refused an invitation to the 2002 Candidates Tournament to choose Kramnik’s first challenger, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. The Kasparov–Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. After a match with Shirov could not be agreed by BrainGames.com and talks with Anand collapsed, a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE in 1993 the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Their match took place under the auspices of the Professional Chess Association (PCA), an organisation established by Kasparov and Short.
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In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses and 104 draws in 144 games. Kasparov’s win with Black in the 16th game has been recognised as one of the all-time chess masterpieces, including being voted the best game played during the first 64 issues of the magazine Chess Informant. Despite losing the PCA title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world’s highest-rated player at the time of his official retirement. From 2011 to 2014, Kasparov published a three-volume series of his games, spanning his career in three eras until he stopped playing full-time in 2005. Kasparov also analysed some of the most notable games played in that period.
Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov’s semi-final against Victor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Kasparov won this high-class tournament by 2 points, emerging with a provisional rating of 2545, enough to rank him equal 40th in the world. Kasparov said that after the victory, he thought he had a “very good shot” at the world championship.
This match was also very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time. At the time, the champion still had the right to a rematch after losing the title. Announcing his decision, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.
